domingo, julho 05, 2009
segunda-feira, junho 08, 2009
MILTON HATOUM: Os órfãos do Eldorado
Numa cidade à beira do rio Amazonas, um passante vem procurar abrigo à sombra de um jatobá e, incauto ou curioso, dispõe-se a ouvir um velho com fama de louco. É o que basta para Arminto Cordovil começar a contar a história de 'Órfãos do Eldorado' - a história de seu próprio amor desesperado por Dinaura, mas também a crônica de uma família, de uma região e de toda uma época que, à base da seiva da seringueira, quis encarnar os sonhos seculares de um Eldorado amazônico. Leia a crítica de Sérgio Rodrigues
fonte: http://colunistas.ig.com.br/sergiorodrigues/2008/03/14/milton-hatoum-%E2%80%98orfaos-do-eldorado%E2%80%99/
No novo livro, lançado apenas três anos depois de “Cinzas do Norte”, os temas habituais de Hatoum – o território conflagrado das relações familiares, a paisagem amazônica como pano de fundo e metáfora de um profundo desencanto, o acerto de contas com um passado perigoso que a memória busca mas teme empreender – são retomados em chave diferente. Novela curta, escrita por encomenda para uma série internacional sobre temas mitológicos, “Órfãos do Eldorado” se deixa ler velozmente e com prazer. Só no fim é que me vi às voltas com uma suspeita incômoda: a de que, embora sejam bem-vindos os momentos em que a busca de concisão levou Hatoum a comprimir sua prosa até aproximá-la da (boa) poesia, todo esse enxugamento pode atrapalhar mais do que ajudar seu projeto ficcional.
O problema não é técnico e sim, digamos, de temperamento. Mesmo que a oralidade do narrador, um contador de histórias, funcione mais em tese que na prática, o descarnamento necessário a uma novela é conduzido com habilidade pelo autor. Historinha de fundo mítico, entre o sonho e a vigília, sobre um amor infeliz que engole a vida inteira do protagonista, a narrativa acelerada e cheia de elipses de “Órfãos do Eldorado” tem um travo de irrealidade e vertigem que lhe cai bem. Ao mesmo tempo deixa a sensação de que Hatoum, depois do passeio por esse afluente estreito, vai se sentir mais feliz e confortável quando conduzir seu barco de volta ao leito mais caudaloso e lento do romance-romance, com suas camadas de subtramas e caracterizações detalhadas, no qual navega como poucos.
Leia abaixo um trecho do meio do livro, o único momento em que o narrador, Arminto Cordovil, chega perto de satisfazer seu desejo pela misteriosa Dinaura.
Acordei de boca aberta, respirando como um asmático. Apalpei a camisa molhada e vi o rosto de Florita.
Ouvi uns gritos de afogado e vim te socorrer.
Quando ela falava assim, parecia adivinhar meus sonhos. Fiquei assustado com as palavras de Florita. Medo de alguém que nos conhece. Para disfarçar, pedi a ela que perfumasse a banheira com essência de canela. Quando me viu na pinta e perfumado, disse que eu não devia sair de casa.
Por quê?
Não respondeu. E eu confiei na minha intuição. Antes das cinco, fui até a Ribanceira e fiquei encostado no tronco da cuiarana, o lugar onde vi Amando morrer. No chão, flores arrancadas pela ventania. Um céu que nem o desta tarde: nuvens grandes e grossas. A rua do Matadouro, deserta. Estava tão ansioso que tremi ao ouvir as cinco batidas do sino. Então ela apareceu sozinha, usando um vestido branco, os braços nus. Sentamos sob a árvore, o tronco cheio de flores. Acariciei os braços e os ombros de Dinaura, e admirei o rosto dela. O desejo no olhar cresceu. Não fiz pergunta, nem disse nada. Qualquer palavra era inútil para o amor urgente. Ventava com força. Ela não se assustou com as trovoadas, nem se esquivou do meu abraço. Eu guardava as palavras no meu pensamento. Um dia viajaríamos juntos, conheceríamos outras cidades. Ela olhava a outra margem do Amazonas, como num sonho. Íamos casar e depois viver em Manaus ou em Belém, quem sabe no Rio. A chuva se aproximou com uma zoada de cachoeira. parecia que estávamos sozinhos na cidade e no mundo. Ela deitou na terra molhada, o pano do vestido colado na pele morena; se despiu sem pressa, a anágua, o corpete e o sutiã, ficou de pé, nua, e tirou minha roupa e me lambeu e chupou com gana; depois rolamos na terra até a mureta da Ribanceira, e voltamos para perto da árvore, amando como dois famintos. Não sei quanto tempo ficamos ali, acasalados, sentindo a quentura nas entranhas da carne. mal pude ver a beleza do corpo, abismado com o jeito dela, de amar. Dançarina. O ciúme me queimou. Quis esquecer isso e olhei o céu, a árvore, a torre da igreja. As flores caíam molhadas e cobriam meus olhos. Acordei com os estalos da chuva no rosto, e cometi a imprudência de beijar Dinaura com um desejo quase violento. Queria tocar a pele, beijar o corpo dela. Queria mais. os olhos diziam não. Encostei o ouvido nos lábios de Dinaura, mas a chuva me ensurdecia. E o que pude nos nos lábios: uma história. Qual? Ela se vestiu e fez um gesto: que a esperasse, voltava logo. Saiu correndo, como se fugisse de uma ameaça. Fui atrás dela e parei no meio da praça. Voltei, me vesti, esperei por ela no mesmo lugar. Ainda chovia quando alguém apareceu na entrada do colégio. Chamei por Dinaura, me aproximei e vi um homem caído. De joelhos. O mendigo recadeiro segurava um guarda-chuva preto. Estropiado. Iro soltou uns gemidos, ele esperava restos de comida do refeitório do colégio. Tirei do bolso uma nota molhada e joguei na barriga do homem
segunda-feira, junho 01, 2009
CRISTOVÃO TEZZA: O Filho Eterno

SILVIANO SANTIAGOESPECIAL PARA A FOLHA
Aparentemente, "O Filho Eterno", de Cristovão Tezza, estaria dramatizando a dor e as dificuldades de um jovem casal que se vê às voltas com o nascimento de um filho com síndrome de Down.O romance ganha sentido pelo avesso da cena clássica a que nos acostumaram os filmes sentimentais e as telenovelas. Nela, mãe e pai se vêem premiados com a chegada do herdeiro e logo são cercados em festa pelos familiares.Não há que descartar a coragem na investida do romancista nem a tragédia que se abate sobre o casal depois da ansiedade que recobre os dois primeiros capítulos do livro. Há, sim, que ler com maior cuidado a prosa do autor catarinense, hoje curitibano, prosa que não se entrega ao leitor como simples documento de vida.Habilmente escrito na primeira pessoa, "O Filho Eterno" se vale dos recursos retóricos dos relatos autobiográficos. Quem narra a desdita paterna é um escritor frustrado, que sempre se sentiu muito aquém do potencial criativo: "Penso que sou escritor, mas ainda não escrevi nada".A obsessiva e estruturada personalidade do narrador, tomada de empréstimo a escritores do porte de Dostoiévski, serve de contraponto à trama da infelicidade paterna, compondo com ela um quadro mais amplo e simbólico da fatalidade. Leia-se a epígrafe de Thomas Bernhard. Por acasoA originalidade que o romancista buscava nos antigos trabalhos o atinge pelo reverso da medalha: o filho que lhe é entregue pelas mãos de uma "natureza arbitrária, absurda, lotérica, errática". Lê-se: "O seu filho quebrou-lhe a espinha, tão cuidadosamente empinada. Por acaso". É a originalidade do fato a ser vivido em surpresa com a mulher e, posteriormente, com a filha, que traz a originalidade da trama a ser escrita. O estigma (para usar o conceito psicológico) alicerça o projeto literário.Em vão o narrador percorre a história da filosofia e da literatura em busca de trama semelhante à que vivencia. Relembra os diálogos de Platão, as narrativas medievais, todo Balzac, Dostoiévski e Thomas Mann. Busca algo em comum com James Joyce. Nada de similar. O escritor tinha sido finalmente "premiado" (perdão pelos maus sentimentos desta resenha).Só vai encontrar respaldo técnico numa tese da área de genética sobre síndrome de Down. Insiste na escrita do romance "Ensaio da Paixão", sabendo que só 20 anos depois, em débito com a tese, é que irá compor e escrever "O Filho Eterno".A petulância (ou a arrogância) do inventor cedeu lugar à humildade (ou à vergonha) do inventado pela sorte. É a humildade que, paradoxalmente, arrasa criticamente a petulância de um velho poema de aparência profética, escrito em Coimbra.Em outros romances, no entanto, o narrador tinha tido experiência diametralmente oposta: "Às vezes, [o romancista] tem a viva sensação de que é escrito pelo que escreve, como se suas palavras soubessem mais que ele próprio". As palavras nada sabem. O estigma sabe mais do que elas. CamadasNão é a invenção pelo narrador erudito que é crítica. No projeto de vida e de arte é o inventado pelo acaso que se torna crítico de toda invenção. O narrador reage à verdade do fato absurdo, opõe-se a ela, justapondo-lhe camadas. Entre as camadas apostas, a da escrita literária serve para que reafirme a própria personalidade, cegando-o ao fato. Ao emprestarem profundidade à narrativa, as camadas propostas pelo narrador erudito subtraem do fato a carência e a solidão do ser humano.Estão em jogo, portanto, os caminhos tortuosos, obtusos e misteriosos da criação humana no plano da vida e no plano da arte. Isso é o que lhe diz grosseiramente o amigo que nem chegou a completar o segundo grau: "Você é tão inteligente e não conseguiu nem fazer um filho direito".Conduzido aos termos pedestres, o leitor está preparado para enfrentar as palavras de culpa, vergonha e dor que arrebentam e redimem os pulmões do narrador, levando-o a querer justapor camadas subjetivas e raivosas à certeza do saber médico.Talvez (insisto no peso e valor do advérbio) esteja na personalidade autocentrada do narrador certa perda do norte na construção do romance. Ela se torna hegemônica no meio do relato.A originalidade da intriga propiciada pelo estigma cede lugar a repetidos relatos sobre viagens do pai enquanto candidato a ator e escritor pelo Brasil (Nordeste e centro-leste) e o estrangeiro (Portugal, Alemanha e França). O contraponto inicial perde a fluidez crítica e vira indulgente na descrição dos desvios de comportamento do filho.Se os relatos sobre a experiência nômade do jovem e futuro pai foram necessários para sustentar a erudição literária do narrador, agora estruturam o mutilado, enquadrando o romance naquilo que ele saiu para não ser. Um documento de vida, como está nas derradeiras páginas.Talvez venha do narrador autocentrado o fato de que as vozes femininas -a da mulher e a da filha nascida de uma segunda gravidez- sejam representadas no romance pelo silêncio, como se pertencentes ao universo patriarcal de José Lins do Rego [1901-57].Dentro da poética confessada do narrador, não poderiam ter sido elas responsáveis por outras enriquecedoras "camadas sob camadas"? Falta a esta resenha uma leitura contrastiva com alguns livros do japonês Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel em 1994. Não há como fazê-la aqui.Em 1963, o renomado romancista é atingido pelo nascimento de um filho com problemas mentais. Da ficção que foi inspirada, saliento "Uma Questão Pessoal" [Companhia das Letras] e "Diga-me como Sobreviver a Nossa Loucura" (1969). SILVIANO SANTIAGO é crítico literário, autor de, entre outros livros, "As Raízes e o Labirinto da América Latina" (ed. Rocco).
JOSÉ SARAMAGO: Desencanto

Maio 29, 2009 by José Saramago
Todos os dias desaparecem espécies animais e vegetais, idiomas, ofícios. Os ricos são cada vez mais ricos e os pobres cada vez mais pobres. Cada dia há uma minoria que sabe mais e uma minoria que sabe menos. A ignorância expande-se de forma aterradora. Temos um gravíssimo problema na redistribuição da riqueza. A exploração chegou a requintes diabólicos. As multinacionais dominam o mundo. Não sei se são as sombras ou as imagens que nos ocultam a realidade. Podemos discutir sobre o tema infinitamente, o certo é que perdemos capacidade crítica para analisar o que se passa no mundo. Daí que pareça que estamos encerrados na caverna de Platão. Abandonamos a nossa responsabilidade de pensar, de actuar. Convertemo-nos em seres inertes sem a capacidade de indignação, de inconformismo e de protesto que nos caracterizou durante muitos anos. Estamos a chegar ao fim de uma civilização e não gosto da que se anuncia. O neo-liberalismo, em minha opinião, é um novo totalitarismo disfarçado de democracia, da qual não mantém mais que as aparências. O centro comercial é o símbolo desse novo mundo. Mas há outro pequeno mundo que desaparece, o das pequenas indústrias e do artesanato. Está claro que tudo tem de morrer, mas há gente que, enquanto vive, tem a construir a sua própria felicidade, e esses são eliminados. Perdem a batalha pela sobrevivência, não suportaram viver segundo as regras do sistema. Vão-se como vencidos, mas com a dignidade intacta, simplesmente dizendo que se retiram porque não querem este mundo.
sábado, maio 30, 2009
PETER CAREY: 30 dias em Sidney

domingo, maio 24, 2009
VIRGINIA WOLF- As Ondas

Quando se aproximavam da praia, as barras erguiam-se, empilhavam-se e quebravam-se, espalhando na areia um fino véu de água esbranquiçada. As ondas paravam e depois voltavam a erguer-se, suspirando como uma criatura adormecida, cuja respiração vai e vem sem que disso se aperceba. Gradualmente, a barra escura do horizonte acabou por clarear, tal como acontece com os sedimentos de uma velha garrafa de vinho que acabam por afundar e restituir à garrafa a sua cor verde. Atrás dela, o céu clareou também, como se os sedimentos brancos que ali se encontravam tivessem afundado, ou se um braço de mulher oculto por detrás da linha do horizonte tivesse erguido um lampião e este espalhasse raios de várias cores, branco, verde e amarelo (mais ou menos como as lâminas de um leque), por todo o céu. Então, ela levantou ainda mais o lampião, e o ar pareceu tornar-se fibroso e arrancar, daquela superfície verde, chispas vermelhas e amarelas, idênticas às que se elevam de uma fogueira. Aos poucos, as fibras da fogueira foram-se fundindo numa bruma, uma incandescência que levantou o peso do céu cor de chumbo que se encontrava por cima, transformando-o num milhão de átomos de um azul suave. O mar foi, aos poucos, tornando-se transparente, e as ondas ali se deixavam ficar, murmurando e brilhando, até as faixas escuras quase desaparecerem. Devagar, o braço que segurava a lanterna elevou-se ainda mais, até uma chama brilhante se tornar visível; um arco de fogo ardendo na margem do horizonte, cobrindo o mar com um brilho dourado.
terça-feira, maio 19, 2009
BRUNO TOLENTINO: A balada do cárcere
Um Prelúdio
"Amadureci aos poucos
cresci muito devagar
como os álamos e os loucos
e acabei indo morar
na Casa dos Homens Ocos,
um charco pardo ao luar
entre o tempo morto, os roucos
rugidos do vento e do mar.
Lá se vive sem querer
lá ouvi uma elegia;
dou-a aqui tal qual ouvia-a
ao cair do entardecer
sobre a charneca vazia,os pântanos que há no ser."
STIEG LARSSON: Os homens que não amavam as mulheres
Os Homens que Odeiam as Mulheres
Autor: Stieg Larsson
Editora:Cia das Letras
fonte: http://bibliotecariodebabel.com/tag/stieg-larsson/
Por muito que se queira isolar a obra de um autor do contexto biográfico, nem sempre o separar das águas é possível. Menos ainda no caso de Stieg Larsson (1954-2004), cuja carreira literária post-mortem potenciou, com a sua aura romanesca, a criação de um fenómeno editorial: primeiro no Norte da Europa, depois um pouco por todo o mundo. Jornalista de investigação, especializado em grupúsculos de extrema-direita e célebre pela denúncia do racismo escandinavo, Larsson começou a dedicar-se à literatura relativamente tarde, a partir de 2001. Escrevia histórias policiais à noite, apenas por prazer, após o trabalho na revista Expo (de que era chefe de redacção). O desprendimento era tanto que só decidiu procurar uma editora quando já tinha os dois primeiros volumes da trilogia «Millennium» completos e o terceiro quase pronto. Mas não chegou a ver nenhum deles impresso, levado por um ataque cardíaco que o transformou num autor póstumo particularmente bem sucedido, cujo património está de resto no centro de uma disputa legal.
O êxito de Larsson, diga-se, é mais do que justificado. Com uma construção narrativa perfeita e um ritmo febril (que cedo transformam a leitura num vício compulsivo), Os Homens que Odeiam as Mulheres lê-se numa penada, apesar das suas mais de 500 páginas. Começa por ser um «mistério-do-quarto-fechado», mas «à escala de uma ilha»: a ilha de Hedeby, reduto do clã Vanger, uma outrora próspera família industrial, agora decadente, ferida por rivalidades e pela sombra de terríveis segredos. Henrik, o patriarca, obcecado com o nunca esclarecido desaparecimento da sobrinha-neta Harriet, em 1966, contrata Mikael Blomkvist para estudar o caso e resolver o enigma, se tal for possível tanto tempo depois.
Blomkvist, jornalista caído em desgraça por ter denunciado, sem provas concludentes, um poderoso escroque da alta finança (Wennerström), alia-se a Lisbeth Salander, uma jovem hacker cheia de tatuagens e problemas de integração social. A dupla funciona às mil maravilhas, resolve o intrincado puzzle dedutivo – em que cada peça corresponde a um crime mais escabroso do que o anterior – e prossegue depois com um não menos exemplar cerco a Wennerström. Castiga-se o mafioso (por entre críticas implícitas à imprensa económica sueca, conivente com os desvarios capitalistas), salva-se do abismo a ameaçada Millennium, revista de que Blomkvist é sócio, e fecha-se com bravura um vasto arco ficcional que aborda ainda, sem falsos moralismos, o problema dos maus-tratos infligidos às mulheres nas sociedades contemporâneas.
Começo do livro:
Se había convertido en un acontecimiento anual. Hoy el destinatario de la flor cumplía ochenta y dos años. Al llegar el paquete, lo abrió y le quitó el papel de regalo. Acto seguido, cogió el teléfono y marcó el número de un ex comisario de la policía criminal que, tras jubilarse, se había ido a vivir a orillas del lago Siljan. Los dos hombres no sólo tenían la misma edad, sino que habían nacido el mismo día, lo cual, teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias, sólo podía considerarse una ironía. El comisario, que sabía que la llamada se produciría tras el reparto del correo, hacia las once de la mañana, esperaba tomándose un café. Ese año el teléfono sonó a las diez y media. Lo cogió y dijo «hola» sin más.
—Ya ha llegado.
—Y este año, ¿qué es?
—No sé de qué tipo de flor se trata. Haré que me la identifiquen. Es blanca.
—Sin ninguna carta, supongo.
—No. Nada más que la flor. El marco es igual que el del año pasado. Uno de esos marcos baratos que puede montar uno mismo.
—¿Y el sello de correos?
—De Estocolmo.
—¿Y la letra?
—Como siempre: letras mayúsculas. Rectas y pulcras.Con esas palabras ya estaba todo dicho, así que permanecieron callados durante algo más de un minuto. El ex comisario se reclinó en la silla, junto a la mesa de la cocina, chupeteando su pipa. Sabía perfectamente que ya nadie esperaba de él que hiciera la pregunta del millón, esa que pondría de manifiesto su gran ingenio y arrojaría nueva luz sobre el caso. Eso ya pertenecía al pasado; ahora la conversación entre los dos viejos se había convertido más bien en un ritual en torno a un misterio que nadie en el mundo tenía el más mínimo interés por resolver.
quinta-feira, maio 14, 2009
Como Proust pode mudar sua vida
Marcel Proust in Alain de Botton Comment Proust peut changer votre vie, Pocket, 1997,
Proust e Albertine

Convertida na desbotada prisioneira, reduzida ao seu eu sem brilho lhe eram necessários, para lhe serem restituídas as cores, aqueles relâmpagos em que eu me recordava do passado." Apenas o ciúme tornará a preenchê-la, por um instante, com um universo que uma lenta explicação se esforçará, por sua vez, em esvaziar. Devolver ou restituir o eu do narrador a ele próprio? Trata-se na verdade de outra coisa. Trata-se de esvaziar cada um dos eus que amou Albertina, de conduzi-lo a seu término, segundo uma lei de morte que se entrelaça com a das ressurreições, como o tempo perdido se entrelaça com o tempo redescoberto. E os eus se obstinam tanto em procurar seus suicídios, em repetir-preparar seus próprios fins, quanto em reviver em outra coisa, repetir-rememorar suas vidas (p.114)
domingo, maio 03, 2009
James Wood writes about the manipulations of Ian McEwan

Trauma, in McEwan’s work, inaugurates a loss of innocence. After the mother’s death, the childhood garden is cemented over, in his first novel, and the children, now orphaned, set about creating their own, corrupted version of childhood. The narrator of Enduring Love returns to the field where John Logan fell from the balloon, and thinks, ‘I could not quite imagine a route back into that innocence’: John Logan’s fall is also the narrator’s fall from innocence. A strongly Rousseauian narrative marks McEwan’s work: the haven of pastoralism is appealed to as the escape from corruption. In The Child in Time, Stephen Lewis is a children’s writer, but by accident. He wrote his first novel – about a summer holiday he spent when he was 11 – as an adult book. But his publisher, Charles Darke, insists that it is a children’s book, that children will read it and understand that childhood is finite: ‘that it won’t last, it can’t last, that sooner or later they’re finished, done for, that their childhood is not for ever.’ Charles subsequently has a kind of nervous breakdown. He and his wife, a physicist working on notions of time, give up the corruptions of London and retire to the countryside, where Charles starts dressing up and play-acting as a little boy out of Richmal Crompton, complete with shorts, catapults and a tree house.
Likewise in The Innocent. In the world of postwar Berlin, where Leonard Marnham has come to assist the Americans who are digging a surveillance tunnel to go from their sector to the Soviets’, a regime of secrecy and clearance is in operation. Leonard’s American handler, Bob Glass, explains that everybody thinks his clearance is the highest there is, everyone thinks he has the final story: ‘You only hear of a higher level at the moment you’re being told about it.’ Glass then delivers his version of the origins of the self, a curious mixture of Rousseau, evolutionary biology and rugged individualism:
‘The distortion of a text,’ Freud says in Moses and Monotheism, ‘is not unlike a murder. The difficulty lies not in the execution of the deed but in doing away with the traces.’ McEwan’s novels follow the traces that trauma makes, and are often shrewd, in a Freudian way, about how difficult it is to do away with them: the children in The Cement Garden cover the corpse of their mother with cement, but botch the job, so that the house begins to smell of her decay and their guilt. But these books also seek, at a formal level, to contain and control the vivid, traumatic happenings that originate their plots. They may be about secrets but they are themselves highly secretive. McEwan is addicted to the withholding of narrative information, the hoarding of surprises, the deferral of revelations; this manipulation of secrecy, apart from its obvious desire to keep the reader reading, seems to incarnate a desire to repeat the texture of the originating trauma, and in so doing, to master and contain it. Major examples might be the deferred revelation in The Child in Time that Stephen’s wife has been pregnant for nine months, alone in the countryside, without needing to inform her estranged husband, who is also her impregnator, a secret McEwan hoards until the very end of the book, the better to provide the novel with a rush of harmony, as the bereaved couple finally replace mourning with new life. (This novel, like Saturday, formally closes the circle of domestic harmony, and neutralises trauma with the possibility of a happy ending.) The first chapter of Enduring Love silently prepares a secret about John Logan (that he was not with his mistress but with a don and his girlfriend), which it withholds until the end of the book.
At a formal level, the confession of any withheld revelation, even an unsettling one, is satisfying. It contains and closes; it solves a narrative puzzle. This manipulation of surprise is reproduced at the level of McEwan’s sentences. He writes very distinguished prose, but is fond of a kind of thrillerish defamiliarisation, in which he lulls the reader into thinking one thing while preparing something else. Here is a characteristic paragraph from The Child in Time:
It is not a boy, but the regressed Charles Darke, Stephen’s former publisher.
In The Innocent, Leonard and Maria are having sex in her bedroom. He hears her whispering and thinks it is an endearment. This continues for two paragraphs, and then McEwan reveals the content of the whisper. ‘What at last he heard her say was, “There’s someone in the wardrobe.”’ In Black Dogs, June Tremaine is walking in the French countryside. ‘She came to a hairpin bend in the track and turned it. A hundred yards ahead, by the next bend, were two donkeys . . . As she came away from the edge she looked ahead again and realised that the donkeys were dogs, black dogs of an unnatural size.’ In Enduring Love, Joe Rose thinks he glimpses Jed Parry, his stalker, in the London Library. He goes home, makes himself a drink, and hears a creak: ‘There was someone at my back.’ It is his wife. The middle section of Atonement systematically deploys this kind of negative estrangement. Two apparently hostile French brothers approach the English soldiers; one is holding something long and rifle-like in his hand. It is a baguette. Later, after the Germans have started bombing the British forces, Robbie Turner sees, across a field, the head of a fellow soldier, resting on the soil. McEwan doesn’t need to say what we are thinking, that he has been decapitated. As Robbie approaches, he sees that the soldier is not dead, but knee-deep in a grave he is digging for a French boy.
In this regard Tolstoy and Stephen Crane may have influenced McEwan. Tolstoy, after all, was praised by the Russian formalists for his talent at defamiliarisation. Nikolai Rostov stands on a wooden bridge, in the heat of battle, and there is a sound ‘as if someone has spilled nuts’. A man has fallen down beside him. But Tolstoy’s estrangements are often on the order of moral correction or readjustment; they open up a new vein of sympathy, as when Pierre Bezukhov visits Dolokhov at home, and discovers that the rowdy man-about-town with whom he has just fought a duel is a ‘most affectionate’ son to his old mother and hunchbacked sister. McEwan’s estrangements are, more often than not, visual surprises, designed to keep the reader in his expert grip, and to keep meaning under control. They are secrets, not mysteries. Graham Greene and George Orwell may have been closer models for McEwan (I am thinking of the scene in Down and Out in Paris and London, when Orwell, in the doss-house, is woken up ‘by a dim impression of some large brown thing coming towards me. I opened my eyes and saw that it was one of the sailor’s feet, sticking out of bed close to my face. It was dark brown, quite dark brown like an Indian’s, with dirt’). And behind Orwell and McEwan may stand a Victorian manipulator like Wilkie Collins. There is the celebrated visual surprise, for instance, when Walter Hartright sees Marian Halcombe from behind, in The Woman in White. She seems to have a fine figure, a ‘comely shape’, until she turns:
She left the window – and I said to myself, The lady is dark. She moved forward a few steps – and I said to myself, The lady is young. She approached nearer – and I said to myself (with a sense of surprise which words fail me to express), The lady is ugly!
In a recent profile in the New Yorker, McEwan said that he wants to ‘incite a naked hunger in readers’. I dislike strong narrative manipulation, but McEwan’s Collins-like surprises certainly work. They retain our narrative hunger, though perhaps at a cost. His addiction to secrecy has a way of ‘playing’ us, and if his withholdings ultimately seek to contain trauma, they also have the effect of reproducing, in plotted repetitions, the textures of the larger, originating traumas that are his big subjects. I don’t mean that his books traumatise us – that would be grossly unfair. Just that we finish them feeling a little guilty, having been exiled from our own version of innocence by a cunningly knowing authorial manipulator. The problem is that narrative secrets of this kind (large and small) ultimately exist only to confess themselves – that is their métier – and when they do we may find that the novels have become too easily comprehensible. (One definition of a narrative convention might precisely be: a secret that has finally confessed itself.) The Innocent, to select only one novel, too deftly tightens its little drawstring of thematics around a repeatedly underlined connection between tunnelling and sex, rape fantasies and war conquest, dismemberment of the body and dismemberment of Berlin into four sectors. Note, also, that many of these narrative secrets and withholdings are highly improbable. The woman who kept her pregnancy secret for nine months; the fact that the two dogs that attacked June Tremaine were also used by the Nazis to rape a woman; the dedicated, daylong fanaticism of Baxter, along with Perowne’s decision, at the end of the book, to perform surgery on the man who broke into his house and tried to rape his daughter; the fuse of unlikelihoods that sets fire to the plot of Atonement.
For McEwan, I suspect, a story is indeed a long string or fuse of heaped improbabilities, and he delights in the way that, retrospectively, all these improbabilities have been neatly made sense of, have been made hermeneutically legible, turned into necessities, forcing us to say to ourselves: ‘it could not have been any other way.’ Leonard Marnham, reflecting on the fact that his engagement party became a fight, then a murder, then a sawing-up of body parts, thinks ‘how all along the way each successive step had seemed logical enough, consistent with the one before, and how no one was to blame’. But if narrative secrets of this kind – narrative improbabilities – must always become, in the end, narrative predictabilities, then such novels will find it much harder to dramatise meaningfully the impact of contingency on ordinary lives. Contingency is accident, but there is nothing accidental about these highly-strung narratives, which in fact attempt to contain and hold accident.
If secrets constitute us as individuals (as Briony Tallis hopes is the case), and secrets are crucial to storytelling, then it must be storytelling itself that expels us from Eden. Storytelling is corrupt and corrupting. This has been one of the themes McEwan has pondered in recent years, and it is hard not to conclude that in so doing he is somewhat anxiously arraigning his own propensity for narrative manipulation. Graham Greene, another enormously successful and artistically serious novelist, did something similar in The End of the Affair, using the book, in part, to reflect on storytelling and the ‘guiltiness’ of highly professionalised storytelling. Bendrix, the book’s first narrator, is a successful novelist praised for his impeccable craftsmanship. The End of the Affair ends with a series of miracles: a book belonging to Bendrix’s mistress, Sarah, has healing powers; a man’s scarred face is suddenly restored; a stained-glass window in a house that is bombed is the only window not shattered. Greene the Catholic asks, as McEwan does in Black Dogs for instance, when is a coincidence just a coincidence and when is it a narrative miracle? In Black Dogs, a Marlow-like narrator reflects a good deal on the unreliabilities and coercions of storytellers. He notes that the remembered trauma of the black dogs has become an originary myth for his mother-in-law, June Tremaine, and he questions the idea that lives have turning points:
Turning points are the inventions of storytellers and dramatists, a necessary mechanism when a life is reduced to, traduced by a plot, when a morality must be distilled from a sequence of actions, when an audience must be sent home with something unforgettable to mark a character’s growth . . . June’s ‘black dogs’? . . . I found these almost non-existent animals were too comforting.
This arraignment of fiction is problematic. McEwan exaggerates the dastardliness of fiction’s manipulations, and conflates his kind of storytelling with storytelling in general. A rather extreme binarism is thus established, in which the reader is pushed between an absolute trust in fiction’s form-making power, and an absolute scepticism of it. One of Briony’s crimes in Atonement seems to be not that she acts like a bad novelist but that she acts like a novelist at all, imposing form and plot on a story that, properly pursued, would be limitless. Stories, she reflects, are stories only when they have endings:
Only when a story was finished, all fates resolved and the whole matter sealed off at both ends so it resembled, at least in this one respect, every other finished story in the world, could she feel immune, and ready to punch holes in the margins, bind the chapters with pieces of string, paint or draw the cover, and take the finished work to show to her mother, or her father, when he was home.
There has to be a story about Robbie, she thinks,
and this was the story of a man whom everybody liked, but about whom the heroine always had her doubts, and finally she was able to reveal that he was the incarnation of evil. But wasn’t she – that was, Briony the writer – supposed to be so worldly now as to be above such nursery-tale ideas as good and evil? There must be some lofty, godlike place from which all people could be judged alike, not pitted against each other . . . If such a place existed, she was not worthy of it. She could never forgive Robbie his disgusting mind.
Briony imposes a plot; she makes what she has witnessed mean something. This is just what Henry Perowne, in Saturday, dislikes about the fiction his daughter gets him to read. On the one hand, he thinks, fiction is a clumsy, pointless provider of information more efficiently gathered elsewhere, and on the other hand, it is too tidy. ‘Unlike in Daisy’s novels, moments of precise reckoning are rare in real life; questions of misinterpretation are not often resolved. Nor do they remain pressingly unresolved. They simply fade.’
The second difficulty is that McEwan seems to want to have it both ways, at once decrying too much pattern and making use of too much pattern. It is all very well for the narrator of Black Dogs, or for Henry Perowne, to object to the fakery of ‘turning points’ in fiction, but they are themselves embedded in books devoted to such mechanisms. Atonement prosecutes Briony, and by extension a certain kind of fiction, for a compulsive need to tidy up life’s limitless messiness with plot, to make loose endings too neat; but Atonement is of course itself a very tidy novel, committed to guiding us through the implications of its own self-conscious fictionality.
And yet Atonement, a novel at once manipulative and keen to blame plot-making for its manipulative distortions, is a moving and ample story, in a category apart from McEwan’s earlier work. How does it work? Partly, its multi-sectioned form allows a little air into McEwan’s usual narrative vault; the first section, set in a country house in 1935, is a brilliant feat of storytelling, whereby McEwan manages both to sound like McEwan and not quite like himself. He must sound a bit more ornate and experimental than usual, so that the section can plausibly be revealed, later on, to have been written by the Virginia Woolf-loving Briony Tallis; yet he must also please those readers who want his usual effects – tight plotting, withheld revelations, dark secrets, turning points. Martin Amis is right to consider this long passage McEwan’s best piece of writing: simply at the technical level, it is astonishing to be able to write so well at a slight angle or distance from one’s own customary style, and yet continue to give readers what they want.
And indeed, knowing what readers want is at the heart of the diabolical success of this book. What is especially interesting about Atonement in the light of McEwan’s status as a popular but serious manipulator, is the delicate way it makes readers aware of their own desire to be gratified by serious narrative manipulation. In the fourth section of the book, set in 1999, Briony Tallis is an old and eminent writer, who has just been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. The novel ends with her at her desk, reflecting on the piece of writing she first started in January 1940, and to which she has returned ‘half a dozen different’ times between then and now. But although we comprehend that what we have just read – the text of the entire novel – was written by Briony, we have no great desire to comprehend that what we have just read was made up – i.e. invented – by Briony; McEwan plays on the complacency of readerly expectation, whereby, with the help of detailed verisimilitude, readers tend to turn fiction into fact. If we have just read, in section three, that Briony walked to Clapham and saw Robbie and Cecilia there, this must ‘really’ have happened, yes? On the last two pages of the novel, of course, McEwan lays bare his final secret: Robbie died at Dunkirk on 1 June 1940, and Cecilia was killed in the same year by a bomb in Balham. The lovers never united. Briony invented their happiness as an act of novelistic atonement for her earlier act of novelistic failure.
Plenty of readers are irritated by this conjuring trick. But if Briony made it all up, so did we. If the desperation of both her guilt and her wish fulfilment stirs us, it is because, by way of McEwan’s delayed revelation, by way of his narrative secret, we have ourselves conspired in Briony’s wish fulfilment, not just content but eager to believe, until the very last moment, that Cecilia and Robbie did not actually die. We wanted them to be alive, and the knowledge that we too wanted a ‘happy ending’ brings on a kind of atonement for the banality of our own literary impulses. Which is why the ending provokes interestingly divergent responses: it alienates some conventional readers, who dislike what they feel to be a trick, but it alienates some sophisticated readers, who also dislike what they feel to be a trick; and I suspect that the estrangement of both camps has to do with their guilt at having been moved by the novel’s conventional romantic power. It shouldn’t be possible, but Atonement wants to have it both ways, and succeeds in having it both ways. It is Ian McEwan’s best book because it successfully prosecutes and defends – as inevitable – the very impulses that make McEwan such a compellingly manipulative novelist; and because it makes us willing, guilty, and finally self-conscious co-conspirators in that machinery of manipulation.
James Wood’s most recent book is How Fiction Works. He is a staff writer at the New Yorker.
sábado, maio 02, 2009
Sentenças fantasmagóricas de Ernesto Sábato

"Toda las tragedias escritas por el hombre desde la que cuenta el destino de Edipo hasta la que narra la muerte de Iván Tilich muestram esa belezza de los abismos" p. 162
"El artista sigue trabajando sin descanso y volviendo a recomezar: y cada vez cree que logrará su fin, que integrará su obra. No lo logrará, como es natural; y de ahí la razón de que este estado de animo sea fecundo. Si alguna vez lo consiguiera, si su obra llegara a poder equiparse con la imagen que se hizo de ella, con su sueño, sólo le restaría precipitarse desde el pináculo de esa perfección definitiva, y suicidarse" Faulkner na p. 165
SABATO, Ernesto El escritor y sus fantasmas Buenos Aires: Seix Barral, 2006.
terça-feira, abril 21, 2009
O Castelo Branco
Primeiro romance de Orhan Pamuk, 'O castelo branco' conta a história de um acadêmico veneziano aprisionado pelos turcos no século XVII. Graças aos seus conhecimentos, o italiano escapa do chicote e dos remos da esquadra, mas acaba vendido em uma feira de escravos e, depois de ser comprado por um paxá, é dado de presente a Hoja, um estudioso turco. Quando amo e escravo se encontram, um choque - os dois homens são tão parecidos entre si que chegam a se confundir. Sem nunca abandonar a esperança de voltar à terra natal, o veneziano ensina a Hoja tudo o que aprendera em seu país, e os dois ainda investigam alguns fenômenos naturais. Até que o mestre fica obcecado por uma pergunta; o que faz de nós o que somos? Sem ter uma resposta exata, o escravo procura as pistas, e os dois concluem que a chave dessa questão de identidade está nos sonhos e nos pecados de ambos. Eles então se dedicam a uma longa expiação, na qual narram em pormenores todos os acontecimentos de suas vidas. A intrincada tapeçaria da trajetória dos dois, de obscuros curiosos de província a conselheiros diretos do sultão da Turquia, encobre um estudo delicado e complexo das relações entre a Europa e a Turquia. Mas a principal investigação de Pamuk nesta narrativa fluida e criativa é sobre a questão ancestral que perturba o Hoja e ecoa em todos nós - o que, afinal, forma a nossa identidade e define quem somos?Trecho:
INTERVIEWER
Let’s go back to before The Black Book. What inspired you to write The White Castle? It’s the first book where you employ a theme that recurs throughout the rest of your novels—impersonation. Why do you think this idea of becoming somebody else crops up so often in your fiction?
PAMUK
It’s a very personal thing. I have a very competitive brother who is only eighteen months older than me. In a way, he was my father—my Freudian father, so to speak. It was he who became my alter ego, the representation of authority. On the other hand, we also had a competitive and brotherly comradeship. A very complicated relationship. I wrote extensively about this in Istanbul. I was a typical Turkish boy, good at soccer and enthusiastic about all sorts of games and competitions. He was very successful in school, better than me. I felt jealousy towards him, and he was jealous of me too. He was the reasonable and responsible person, the one our superiors addressed. While I was paying attention to games, he paid attention to rules. We were competing all the time. And I fancied being him, that kind of thing. It set a model. Envy, jealousy—these are heartfelt themes for me. I always worry about how much my brother’s strength or his success might have influenced me. This is an essential part of my spirit. I am aware of that, so I put some distance between me and those feelings. I know they are bad, so I have a civilized person’s determination to fight them. I’m not saying I’m a victim of jealousy. But this is the galaxy of nerve points that I try to deal with all the time. And of course, in the end, it becomes the subject matter of all my stories. In The White Castle, for instance, the almost sadomasochistic relationship between the two main characters is based on my relationship with my brother. On the other hand, this theme of impersonation is reflected in the fragility Turkey feels when faced with Western culture. After writing The White Castle, I realized that this jealousy—the anxiety about being influenced by someone else—resembles Turkey’s position when it looks west. You know, aspiring to become Westernized and then being accused of not being authentic enough. Trying to grab the spirit of Europe and then feeling guilty about the imitative drive. The ups and downs of this mood are reminiscent of the relationship between competitive brothers.
terça-feira, abril 07, 2009
Mrs Dalloway
There was nobody. Her words faded. So a rocket fades. Its sparks, having grazed their way into the night, surrender to it, dark descends, pours over the outlines of houses and towers; bleak hillsides soften and fall in. But though they are gone, the night is full of them; robbed of colour, blank of windows, they exist more ponderously, give out what the frank daylight fails to transmit—the trouble and suspense of things conglomerated there in the darkness; huddled together in the darkness; reft of the relief which dawn brings when, washing the walls white and grey, spotting each window-pane, lifting the mist from the fields, showing the red-brown cows peacefully grazing, all is once more decked out to the eye; exists again. I am alone; I am alone! she cried, by the fountain in Regent’s Park (staring at the Indian and his cross), as perhaps at midnight, when all boundaries are lost, the country reverts to its ancient shape, as the Romans saw it, lying cloudy, when they landed, and the hills had no names and rivers wound they knew not where—such was her darkness; when suddenly, as if a shelf were shot forth and she stood on it, she said how she was his wife, married years ago in Milan, his wife, and would never, never tell that he was mad! Turning, the shelf fell; down, down she dropped. For he was gone, she thought—gone, as he threatened, to kill himself—to throw himself under a cart! But no; there he was; still sitting alone on the seat, in his shabby overcoat, his legs crossed, staring, talking aloud. p. 27Virginia Woolf , Mrs. Dalloway Penguin Popular Classics.
quarta-feira, março 18, 2009
É a política

George Orwell
http://colunistas.ig.com.br/sergiorodrigues/
segunda-feira, janeiro 28, 2008
Machado de Assis: a pirâmide e o trapézio.
Para lembrar os cem anos da morte do escritor -que se completam em 29 de setembro, ou celebrar, vou ler o empoeirado A pirâmide e o trapézio de Raymundo Faoro.Eis um página a página do livro:
Capítulo 1- A Pirâmide e o Trapézio
1.1 o topo da pirâmide: a classe e o estamento.
Numa relação de coexistência e permeação, há na sociedade brasileira da época e na obra de machado, estes dois fenônemos de convivência de duas camadas sociais: a classe e o estamento.
"A galeria burguesa de Machado de Assis brota do chão, expande-se e enriquece, mas não domina e nem governa. Entorpeche-lhe os passos o filtro interior da insegurança, hesitante na ideologia mal definida de seu destino" (p. 17)
A classe ocupa-se em se firmar, definir e qualificar, de acordo com a ocupação específica de seus membros (...) os estamentos assumem o papel de órgãos de Estado, as classes permanecem limitadas a funções restritas à sociedade" (p. 18)
Na ascensão social, o essencial é " a força indispensável a todo homem que põe a mira acima do estado em que nasceu (Mão e Luva, II). No outro lado vegeta a imensa legião de Rangéis: "o pior é que entre a espiga e a mão, há o tal muro do poeta, e o Rangel não era homem de saltar muros. De imaginação fazia tudo, raptava mulheres e construía cidades. Mais de uma vez foi, consigo mesmo, ministro de EStado, e fartou-se em cortesias e decretos...Cá fora, porém, todas as suas proezas eram fábulas. Na realidade, era pacato e discreto ( O diplomático)" (p. 19)
1.2 sociedade não rígida.
"A subida na montanha, posto que possível, nem sempre é convencionalmente legítima. O sentimento de escárnio, a repulsa velada acompanham, não raras vezes, muitas carreiras triunfantes" (p.20)
A boa sociedade que se corporifica no Imperador, tem dois grandes mmentos: o baile da Ilha Fiscal e as bodas imaginárias de Rubião (Quincas Borbas).
A "burguesia insegura de sua força e de seus poderes, nobilita-se e se afidalga por todos os meios, pel imaginação, falsificação ou imitação. Sob esta sombra, cresceu o constrangido acatamento a uma aristocracia, sem raízes e sem tradição. Burguesia mascarada de nobreza, incerta de suas posses, indefinida no estilo de vida"
"Os homens de nascimento humilde penetram por duas portas: a cunhagem e o enriquecimento. Na cunhagem, o recém-vindo sogre o mesmo processo que o metal ao se amoedar, recebendo a marca e as insígnias do círculo que o aceita. No enriquecimento, a subida, também filha da ambição, deixa um travo de insuficiência e pecado. Aqui, o dinheiro dá tudo, que alça, eleva e doura, não dá tudo, transmite, ao contrário, o sentimento de que houve o escamoteio de quem fura a entrada, sem ser convidado" (p. 25)
sábado, janeiro 26, 2008
Na Praia por Ian McEwan

Assim, começa o novo livro de Ian McEwan com 4 palavras acrescidas ao parágrafo de início, que serão o tema de todo o livro, sobre a não facilidade do encontro entre duas pessoas, histórias e dores que como a areia da praia de Chesil Band se encontram para formar o cenário da ficção real de Ian McEwan.
As diferentes perspectivas e expectativas do amor, num tempo em que ainda havia pureza e asco mostram para nós: que isso nunca é ou será fácil.
Ian McEwan é um mestre em descrever a natureza tulmutuosa humana, os enrubecimentos e desjeitos da carne em sua negação de toda a hipocrisia. Ele descreve um Edward ávido pra ter para si a mulher mais inteligente que já encontrou, possuí-la e Florence uma mulher ansiosa pelo asco de ser invadida por outro pode causar e perturbada por ter sensações e movimentos num corpo que ela desconhecia.
"Seu casamento tinha oito horas, e cada uma delas fora um peso nas suas costas, tanto maior por ela não saber cmo lhe descrever esses pensamentos. Então, o dinheiro teria de servir como assunto- na verdade, veio a calhar, já que agora ela estava inflada" (pág. 113)
A historia de McEwan, está ambientada na praia de Chesil no período de 1962, antes da revolução sexual. Um casal recém-casado termina seu jantar na costa de Dorset e se antecipam a sua primeira noite de lua de mel com não tanta doçura.
Edward é tímido, inexperiente e nervoso. Ele tem perder seu auto-controle Florence vê o evento se aproximando com repulsa e medo, sua instrução para noite é um guia cheio de lustração, pontos de exclamações e que servem para aumentar a apreensão e repulsa.
McEwan transforma essa cena simples da vida matrimonial num tratado sobre o relacionamento
"Tudo aquilo que ela precisava era da certeza do amor dele, e da sua garantia de que não havia pressa, pois tinham a vida toda pela frente. Amor e paciência- se pelo menos ele tivesse conhecido ambos ao mesmo tempo- certamente os teriam ajudado vencer as dificuldades. E que dizer das crianças que poderia ter se tornado sua filha querida? É assim que todo o curso de uma vida pode ser desviado- por não se fazer nada. Na praia de Chesil, ele poderia ter gritado o nome de Florence, poderia ter ido atrás dela. Ele não sabia, ou não teria querido saber, que, enquanto ela fugia, certa na sua dor de que o estava perdendo, nunca o amara tanto, ou mais desesperadamente, e que o somo da voz dele teria sido seu resgate, e que ela teria voltado atrás. Em vez disso, ele permaneceu num silêncio frio e honrado, na penumbra de verão, a observá-la em sua precipitação ao longo da orla, o som do seu avanço difícil perdendo-se entre os das pequenas ondas a quebrar na praia, até ela ser apenas um ponto borrado, desaparecendo na estrada estreita e infinita de seixos sob a luz pálida" pag. 128
Ian McEwanNa Praia - On Chesil Beach-
Cia. das Letras
R$ 31,00 (carrefour)
Entrevista de Zadie Smith com Ian McEwan.
| Zadie Smith |
| [ENGLISH NOVELIST, BORN 1975] |
| TALKS WITH |
| Ian McEwan |
| [ENGLISH NOVELIST, BORN 1948] |
| “I WAS MAKING A STRENGTH OUT OF A KIND OF IGNORANCE. I HAD NO ROOTS IN ANYTHING AND IT WAS ALMOST AS IF I HAD TO INVENT A LITERATURE.” |
| Aspects of the “English Novel” to avoid: Polite, character-revealing dialogue Lightly ironic ethical investigation Excessive amounts of furniture |
Because of the posh university I attended, I first met McEwan many years ago, before I was published myself. I was nineteen, down from Cambridge for the holidays, and a girl I knew from college was going to Ian McEwan’s wedding party. This was a fairly normal occurrence for her, coming from the family she did, but I had never clapped eyes on a writer in my life. She invited me along, knowing what it would mean to me. That was an unforgettable evening. I was so delighted to be there and yet so rigid with fear I could barely enjoy it. It was a party full of people from my bookshelves come to life. I can recall being introduced to Martin Amis (whom I was busy plagiarizing at the time) and being shown his new baby. Meeting Martin Amis for me, at nineteen, was like meeting God. I said: “Nice baby.” This line, like all conversation, could not be rewritten. I remember feeling, like Joseph K., that the shame of it would outlive me.
I didn’t get to speak with McEwan that night—I spent most of the party hiding from him. I assumed he was a little annoyed to find a random undergraduate he did not know at his own wedding party. But I had just read Black Dogs (1992)—that brilliant, flinty little novel, bursting with big ideas—and I was fascinated by the idea of an English novelist writing such serious, metaphysical, almost European prose as this. He was not like Amis and he was not like Rushdie or Barnes or Ishiguro or Kureishi or any of the other English and quasi-English men I was reading at the time. He was the odd man out. “Apparently,” said my friend knowledgeably, as we watched McEwan swing his new wife around the dance floor, “he only writes fifteen words a day.” This was an unfortunate piece of information to give an aspiring writer. I was terribly susceptible to the power of example. If I heard Borges ran three miles every morning and did a headstand in a bucket of water before sitting down to write, I felt I must try this myself. The specter of the fifteen-word limit stayed with me a long time. Three years later I remember writing White Teeth and thinking that all my problems stemmed from the excess of words I felt compelled to write each day. Fifteen words a day! Why can’t you write just fifteen words a day?
Ten years later, less gullible and a writer myself, it occurs to me that my friend may have fictionalized the situation a little herself. An interview with McEwan himself, like the one you are about to read, was of course the perfect opportunity to settle the matter, but it’s only now, writing the introduction after the fact, that I remember the question. I do not know if Ian McEwan writes fifteen words a day. However, he was forthcoming on many other interesting matters. McEwan is one of those rare novelists who can speak with honest perspicacity about the experience of being a writer; it is a life he openly loves, and talking to him about it felt, to me, like talking with an author at the beginning of their career, not at its pinnacle. The fifteen-word thing may indeed be a red herring, but my friend had intuited a truth about McEwan: he is not a dilettante or even a natural, neither a fabulist nor a show-off. He is rather an artisan, always hard at work; refining, improving, engaged by and interested in every step in the process, like a scientist setting up a lab experiment.
We did this interview in McEwan’s house, which is Dr. Henry Perowne’s house in the novel Saturday (2005). It is a lovely Georgian townhouse that sits in the shadow of London’s BT Tower. From the balcony of this house Perowne sees a plane on a crash trajectory, its tail on fire. It is a perfect McEwanesque incident.
—Zadie Smith
ZADIE SMITH: ... there’s a paragraph in Saturday about surgery, apparently, but it seems to me to be about writing.
IAN McEWAN: Oh, well done.
ZS: I read it and thought it can’t be about anything else. You know the paragraph I mean? “For the past two hours he’s been in a dream of absorption”—it’s such an exact description of what it’s like to write when it’s going well. And my favorite line is when you talk about him feeling “calm and spacious, fully qualified to exist. It’s a feeling of clarified emptiness, of deep, muted joy.” The events you put next to it, as comparative experiences—the lovemaking and listening to Theo’s song—are two human states which are often advertised as bringing similar pleasure: basically, personal relations and art. But the book seems to suggests that there is a deeper happiness that one can only find in work, or at least, creative work. And I felt that joy coming off the book in every direction. Joy at being a writer!
IM: I’m glad that you found that paragraph. I knew I wanted to write a major operation at the end but it would really be about writing, about making art. So it starts with him picking up a paintbrush. Or rather, I was so sure, when I went for the operation, that Neil Pritchard, the surgeon, when he paints the marks on the patient, was using a two-inch paintbrush. And when I sent him the last draft, just to check it one last time he said, “I don’t use a paintbrush,” and I said, “But surely surgeons do,” and he said “No, no.” I was so disappointed personally. He dips the paintbrush in yellow paint and as the Aria of the Goldberg Variations starts, he makes his first stroke and it is a moment of artistic engagement… But very, very reluctantly I had to replace it with a sponge on a flap.
ZS: The joy of the extended analogy is that it allows you to write about writing as work. Usually when you read books about being a novelist, all you really get is the character at lunches and his publishing routines, and that’s nothing to do with the process of writing. It’s so hard to sit down and write about that procedure, but I feel that metaphorically it’s done here.
IM: The dream, surely, Zadie, that we all have, is to write this beautiful paragraph that actually is describing something but at the same time in another voice is writing a commentary on its own creation, without having to be a story about a writer.
quarta-feira, dezembro 12, 2007
A Estrada
Num futuro não muito distante, o planeta encontra-se totalmente devastado. As cidades foram transformadas em ruínas e pó, as florestas se transformaram em cinzas, os céus ficaram turvos com a fuligem e os mares se tornaram estéreis. Os poucos sobreviventes vagam em bandos. Um homem e seu filho não possuem praticamente nada. Apenas uns cobertores puídos, um carrinho de compras com poucos alimentos e um revólver com algumas balas, para se defender de grupos de assassinos. Estão em farrapos e com os rostos cobertos por panos para se proteger da fuligem que preenche o ar e recobre a paisagem. Eles buscam a salvação e tentam fugir do frio, sem saber, no entanto, o que encontrarão no final da viagem. Essa jornada é a única coisa que pode mantê-los unidos, que pode lhes dar um pouco de força para continuar a sobreviver.Essa é a sinopse de A Estrada (The Road) de Cormac McCarthy, mas o livro é muito mais que isso, é próprio Apocalipse visualizado, onde esperança e falta de esperança se misturam ao suor frio que corre dos personangens numa neve negra e constante que traz horrores e não surpresas a todo instante.
Imagine-se num mundo de neve e cinza, onde não pode dar um passo, sua esposa se matou, você tem o filho, um carrinho de supermercado, um revolver com duas balas e todo um não-mundo que você não vê.
Como ter esperança? A esperança é a estrada, cada etapa, cada passo no breu, da morte que chega ou da vida que ainda resiste. Ser vivo num mundo que está morto.
One night, when the father thinks that he and his son will starve to death, he weeps, not about the obvious but about beauty and goodness, "things he'd no longer any way to think about". Camus wrote that the world is ugly and cruel, but it is only by adding to that ugliness and cruelty that we sin most gravely. The Road affirms belief in the tender pricelessness of the here and now. In creating an exquisite nightmare, it does not add to the cruelty and ugliness of our times; it warns us now how much we have to lose. It makes the novels of the contemporary Savants seem infantile and horribly over-rated. Beauty and goodness are here aplenty and we should think about them. While we can. ( Alan Warner no Guardian)
The Road Through Hell, Paved With Desperation

In “The Road” a boy and his father lurch across the cold, wretched, wet, corpse-strewn, ashen landscape of a post-apocalyptic world. The imagery is brutal even by Cormac McCarthy’s high standards for despair. This parable is also trenchant and terrifying, written with stripped-down urgency and fueled by the force of a universal nightmare. “The Road” would be pure misery if not for its stunning, savage beauty.
This is an exquisitely bleak incantation — pure poetic brimstone. Mr. McCarthy has summoned his fiercest visions to invoke the devastation. He gives voice to the unspeakable in a terse cautionary tale that is too potent to be numbing, despite the stupefying ravages it describes. Mr. McCarthy brings an almost biblical fury as he bears witness to sights man was never meant to see.
“There is no prophet in the earth’s long chronicle who is not honored here today,” the father says, trying to make his son understand why they inhabit a gray moonscape. “Whatever form you spoke of you were right.” Thus “The Road” keeps pace with the most enterprising doomsayers as death and desperation manifest themselves on every page. And in a perverse miracle it yields one last calamity when it seems that things cannot possibly get worse.
Yet as the boy and man wander, encountering remnants of the lost world and providing the reader with more and more clues about what destroyed it, this narrative is also illuminated by extraordinary tenderness. “He knew only that the child was his warrant,” it says of the father and his mission. “He said: if he is not the word of God God never spoke.”
The father’s loving efforts to shepherd his son are made that much more wrenching by the unavailability of food, shelter, safety, companionship or hope in most places where they scavenge to subsist.
Keeping memory alive is difficult, since the past grows increasingly remote. It is as if these lonely characters are experiencing “the onset of some cold glaucoma dimming away the world.” The past has become like a place inhabited by the newly blind, all of it slowly slipping away. As for looking toward the future, “there is no later,” the book says starkly. “This is later.”
The ruined setting of “The Road” is strewn with terrible, revealing artifacts. There are old newspapers. (“The curious news. The quaint concerns.”) There is one lone bottle of Coca-Cola, still absurdly fizzy when all else is dust. There are charred corpses frozen in their final postures, like the long-dead man who sits on a porch like “a straw man set out to announce some holiday.” Sometimes these prompt the father to recall “a dull rose glow in the windowglass” at 1:17 in the morning, the moment when the clocks stopped forever.
“The Road” is not concerned with explaining what caused this cataclysm. It is more abstract than that. Instead it becomes a relentless cautionary tale with “Lord of the Flies”-style symbolic impact, marked by a dark fascination with the primal laws of survival. Much of its impact comes from the absolute lawlessness of its backdrop as it undermines the father’s only remaining certitude: that he must keep his boy alive no matter what danger befalls them.
As they move down the metaphorical road of the title, father and son encounter all manner of perils. The weather is bitter, the landscape colorless, the threat of starvation imminent. There is also the occasional interloper or ominous relic, since the road is not entirely abandoned.
The sight of a scorched, shuffling man prompts the boy to ask what is wrong with him; the father simply replies that the man has been struck by lightning. Spear-carrying marchers on the road offer other hints about recent history. Groups of people are stowed away in hidden places as if they were other people’s food supply. In a book filled with virtual zombies and fixated on the living dead, it turns out that they are.
Since the cataclysm has presumably incinerated all dictionaries, Mr. McCarthy’s affinity for words like rachitic and crozzled has as much visceral, atmospheric power as precise meaning. His use of language is as exultant as his imaginings are hellish, a hint that “The Road” will ultimately be more radiant than it is punishing. Somehow Mr. McCarthy is able to hold firm to his pessimism while allowing the reader to see beyond it. This is art that both frightens and inspires.
Although “The Road” is entirely unsentimental, it gives father and son a memory to keep them moving, even if it is the memory of how and why the boy’s mother chose to die. She was pregnant when the world exploded, and the boy was born a few days after she and the man “watched distant cities burn.”
Ultimately she gave up and took a bullet: “She was gone and the coldness of it was her final gift.” In a book whose events are isolated and carefully chosen, the appearance of a flare gun late in the story is filled with echoes of her final decision.
The mother’s suicide is one more reason for astonishment at Mr. McCarthy’s final gesture here: an embrace of faith in the face of no hope whatsoever. Coming as it does after such intense moments of despondency, this faith is even more of a leap than it might be in a more forgiving story. It adds immeasurably to the staying power of a book that is simple yet mysterious, simultaneously cryptic and crystal clear.
“The Road” offers nothing in the way of escape or comfort. But its fearless wisdom is more indelible than reassurance could ever be.

